Download Now
    Carbon Fiber Illustration

    Could We Make Cars Out of Petroleum Residue?

    • byMinorU
    • -April 2, 2022

    Through David L. Chandler, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
    April 1, 2022

    Carbon fiber illustration

    A new method of making carbon fiber could turn refinery by-products into high-quality, ultra-lightweight structural materials for cars, planes and spacecraft.

    As the world struggles to improve the efficiency of cars and other vehicles to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase the range of electric vehicles, the search is on for ever lighter materials that are strong enough to be used in car bodies.

    Lightweight carbon fiber materials, similar to the material used in some tennis racquets and bicycles, combine exceptional strength with low weight, but were more expensive to manufacture than comparable steel or aluminum structural members. Well, researchers at[{” attribute=””>MIT and elsewhere have come up with a way of making these lightweight fibers out of an ultracheap feedstock: the heavy, gloppy waste material left over from the refining of petroleum, material that refineries today supply for low-value applications such as asphalt, or eventually treat as waste.

    Not only is the new carbon fiber cheap to make, but it offers advantages over the traditional carbon fiber materials because it can have compressional strength, meaning it could be used for load-bearing applications. The new process is described on March 18, 2022m in the journal Science Advances, in a paper by graduate student Asmita Jana, research scientist Nicola Ferralis, professor Jeffrey Grossman, and five others at MIT, Western Research Institute in Wyoming, and Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee.

    Circle of Carbon Fibers

    A circle of carbon fibers which have a diameter of about 10 micrometers. Credit: Nicola Ferralis

    The research began about four years ago in response to a request from the Department of Energy, which was seeking ways to make cars more efficient and reduce fuel consumption by lowering their overall weight. “If you look at the same model car now, compared to 30 years ago, it’s significantly heavier,” Ferralis says. “The weight of cars has increased more than 15 percent within the same category.”

    A heavier car requires a bigger engine, stronger brakes, and so on, so the reducing the weight of the body or other components has a ripple effect that produces additional weight savings. The DOE is pushing for the development of lightweight structural materials that match the safety of today’s conventional steel panels but also can be made cheaply enough to potentially replace steel altogether in standard vehicles.

    Composites made from carbon fibers are not a new idea, but so far in the automotive world they have only been used in a few very expensive models. The new research aims to turn that around by providing a low-cost starting material and relatively simple processing methods.

    Human Hair and Carbon Fiber

    A human hair and carbon fiber, with a clear ruler on the bottom half of the image. The human hair, pictured in a vertical orientation, is thicker (about 60 micrometers) than the carbon fiber behind it. Credit: Nicola Ferralis

    Carbon fibers of the quality needed for automotive use cost at least $10 to $12 per pound currently, Ferralis says, and “can be way more,” up to hundreds of dollars a pound for specialized application like spacecraft components. That compares to about 75 cents a pound for steel, or $2 for aluminum, though these prices fluctuate widely, and the materials often rely on foreign sources. At those prices, he says, making a pickup truck out of carbon fiber instead of steel would roughly double the cost.

    These fibers are typically made from polymers (such as polyacrilonitrile) derived from petroleum, but use a costly intermediate step of polymerizing the carbon compounds. The cost of the polymer can account for more than 60 percent of the total cost of the final fiber, Ferralis says. Instead of using a refined and processed petroleum product to start with, the team’s new approach uses what is essentially the dregs left after the refining process, a material known as petroleum pitch. “It’s what we sometimes call the bottom of the barrel,” Ferralis says.

    “Pitch is incredibly messy,” he says. It’s a hodgepodge of mixed heavy hydrocarbons, and “that’s actually what makes it beautiful in a way, because there’s so much chemistry that can be exploited. That makes it a fascinating material to start with.”

    It’s useless for combustion; although it can burn, it’s too dirty a fuel be practical, and this is especially true with tightening environmental regulations. “There’s so much of it,” he says, “the inherent value of these products is very low, so then it is often landfilled.” An alternative source of pitch, which the team also tested, is coal pitch, a similar material that is a byproduct of coking coal, used for example for steel production. That process yields about 80 percent coke and 20 percent coal pitch, “which is basically a waste,” he says.

    Working in collaboration with researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, who had the expertise in manufacturing carbon fibers under a variety of conditions, from lab scale all the way up to pilot-plant scale, the team set about finding ways to predict the performance in order to guide the choice of conditions for those fabrication experiments.

    “The process that you need to actually make a carbon fiber [from pitch] is actually extremely small, both in terms of energy requirements and in terms of the actual processing that you need to do,” says Ferralis.

    Jana explains that pitch “consists of this heterogeneous group of molecules where you would expect the properties to change dramatically as you change shape or size,” whereas an industrial material must have very consistent properties.

    By carefully modeling how bonds form and crosslink between individual molecules, Jana was able to develop a way to predict how a given set of processing conditions would affect the resulting fiber properties. “We were able to reproduce the results so amazingly[{” attribute=””>accuracy,” she says, “to the point where companies could take those graphs and be able to predict” characteristics such as density and elastic modulus of the fibers.

    The work produced results showing by adjusting the starting conditions, carbon fibers could be made that were not only strong in tension, as most such fibers are, but also strong in compression, meaning they could potentially be used in load-bearing applications. This opens up entirely new possibilities for the usefulness of these materials, they say.

    DOE’s call was for projects to bring the cost of lightweight materials down below $5 a pound, but the MIT team estimates that their method can to do better than that, reaching something like $3 a pound, though they haven’t yet done a detailed economic analysis.

    “The new route we’re developing is not just a cost effect,” Ferralis says. “It might open up new applications, and it doesn’t have to be vehicles.” Part of the complication of making conventional fiber composites is that the fibers have to be made into a cloth and laid out in precise, detailed patterns. The reason for that, he says, “is to compensate for the lack of compressive strength.” It’s a matter of engineering to overcome the deficiencies of the material, he says, but with the new process all that extra complexity would not be needed.

    Reference: “Atoms to fibers: Identifying novel processing methods in the synthesis of pitch-based carbon fibers” by Asmita Jana, Taishan Zhu, Yanming Wang, Jeramie J. Adams, Logan T. Kearney, Amit K. Naskar, Jeffrey C. Grossman and Nicola Ferralis, 18 March 2022, Science Advances.
    DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn1905

    The research team included Taishan Zhu and Yanming Wang at MIT, Jeramie Adams at Western Reserve University, and Logan Kearney and Amit Naskar at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy.

    • 5 Comments

    MinorU

    Writer & Blogger

    Facebook-f Twitter Linkedin-in Pinterest-p Vimeo-v
    Previous Posts
    Next Post

    Related Posts:

    • All Post
    • 666E Rummy
    • 777 Wealth
    • 999 Wealth Rummy
    • AA Rummy
    • Gaming
    • Gogo Slot
    • Holi Rummy
    • Holy Rummy
    • How To
    • Latest Tech News
    • Lucky Rummy
    • Rummy App
    • Rummy Bindaas
    • Rummy Culture
    • Rummy Glee
    • Rummy Gold
    • Rummy Knox
    • Rummy Loot
    • Rummy Model
    • Rummy Modern
    • Rummy Nabob
    • Rummy Ola
    • Rummy Perfect
    • Rummy Pride
    • Rummy Pub
    • Rummy Raja
    • Rummy Sir
    • Rummy Star
    • Rummy Wealth
    • Rummy Yes
    • Slots Master
    • Speed Rummy
    • Sports
    • Teen Patti App
    • Teen Patti Baaz
    • Teen Patti Cash
    • Teen Patti Global
    • Teen Patti Gold
    • Teen Patti Joy
    • Teen Patti Master
    • Teen Patti Origin
    • Teen Patti Plus
    • Teen Patti Real
    • Teen Patti Satta
    • Teen Patti Show
    • Teen Patti Star
    • Teen Patti Vungo
    • Teen Patti Win

    5 Comments

    Leave a Reply

    Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

    Edit Template

    Welcome to MinorUpdates.in, your go-to blog for all things related to Teen Patti and Rummy apps in India. We provide the latest updates, reviews, and insights on the best platforms where you can play these classic card games and earn real money. Whether you’re a seasoned player or just starting out, our content is tailored to help you make informed decisions and get the most out of your gaming experience.

    Quick Links

    Home

    About Us

    Blog & News

    Rummy

    Teen Patti

    Recent Post

    • All Post
    • 666E Rummy
    • 777 Wealth
    • 999 Wealth Rummy
    • AA Rummy
    • Gaming
    • Gogo Slot
    • Holi Rummy
    • Holy Rummy
    • How To
    • Latest Tech News
    • Lucky Rummy
    • Rummy App
    • Rummy Bindaas
    • Rummy Culture
    • Rummy Glee
    • Rummy Gold
    • Rummy Knox
    • Rummy Loot
    • Rummy Model
    • Rummy Modern
    • Rummy Nabob
    • Rummy Ola
    • Rummy Perfect
    • Rummy Pride
    • Rummy Pub
    • Rummy Raja
    • Rummy Sir
    • Rummy Star
    • Rummy Wealth
    • Rummy Yes
    • Slots Master
    • Speed Rummy
    • Sports
    • Teen Patti App
    • Teen Patti Baaz
    • Teen Patti Cash
    • Teen Patti Global
    • Teen Patti Gold
    • Teen Patti Joy
    • Teen Patti Master
    • Teen Patti Origin
    • Teen Patti Plus
    • Teen Patti Real
    • Teen Patti Satta
    • Teen Patti Show
    • Teen Patti Star
    • Teen Patti Vungo
    • Teen Patti Win

    Disclaimer

    This game involves financial risk. We kindly urge all users to play responsibly and solely at their own risk.

    © 2024 The Daily Websites. All rights reserved